Celluloses are enzymatic proteins which hydrolyze cellulose polymers to smaller oligosaccharides, cellobiose and glucose. The aim in this study was mainly to determine the parameters which affect cellulase activity in semiarid calcareous soils of Hamadan, northwestern Iran. The lands have been utilized as pastures; have been under deciduous and coniferous forests, and as well have been used as dry and irrigated farms for many decades. Some farmlands have been irrigated with river water whereas some with untreated municipal wastewater. Sampling was carried out at a depth of 0-30 cm in a completely randomized design with an unequal number of repetitions. Some physical, chemical and biological soil properties were assessed employing standard methods. The results revealed that cellulase activity in the differently utilized and managed soils was significantly different. It ranged from 0.170 mg glucose released, g-1 soil min-1, in dry farmlands to 0.384 mg released, g-1 soil min-1, in deciduous forests. Cellulose activity exhibited a significant and positive correlation with soil OC, TN, C/N ratio, substrate induced respiration, basal respiration, acid and alkaline phosphates, but a significant and negative correlation with soil pH. Among soil microbial populations analyzed, cellulase activity exhibited a very significant correlation (p<0.001) with soil fungal population. It may be concluded that cellulase activity in calcareous soils is mainly correlated with those soil factors that affect microbial activity.

One of the most important substrate for producing of the edible white button mushrooms is compost. Thermophilic actinomycetes are one of the most important microflora in composting. So these actinomycetes were isolated from different steps in composting process by dilution technique. The isolates were incubated at 40oC. The chalky colonies were selected and transformed to new solid media to prepare pure culture of each isolate. Bacterial isolates were identified based on biochemical tests and amplified 16SrRNA restriction analysis technique. Ability of the isolates to break down cellulose, was assessed by using Filter paper in different temperature and pH. Maximum enzyme activity for each isolate were measured based on milligrams of glucose released from one milliliters extract. The isolates with high cellulase activity were screened for determination of the optimum pH and temperature. Isolate 23 had 1/10 mg/ml enzyme activity and it demonstrated a higher cellulase activity at 45oC. These isolates was applied for improvement quality compost.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the activity of carboxymethylcellulase and microcrystalline-cellulase (Nonomol/min) ruminal hydrolytic enzymes from different fractions of particulate material, extra cellular or cellular. For this purpose, 15 rumen fluids of slaughtered fatteninig Najdi goat kids at the age of 6 months with an average of 28 kg were sampled in 3 treatments and 5 replicates. The experimental diets included 0, 10, 20 percent olive cake was replaced by barley. The results showed that the highest enzyme activity for both enzymes was in the fractions of particulate material in the goat kids fed diet was 20 percent olive cake (P<0. 05). Also, the highest total activity of microcrystalline cellulase and carboxymethyl cellulase enzymes was observed in the goats fed with 20% olive cake (nmol / min) compared with other treatments (P<0. 0001). Moreover, carboxymethyl-cellulase in particulate material, cellular, extra celluar and total activity where higher than microcrystallinecellulase. The ruminal pH of goats decreased significantly with the increase in the olive cake in the diet (P <0. 0001). The lowest PH in goat kids fed with 20% olive cake was seen compared to other treatments. Overall, the results of this study showed that with increasing levels of olive cake in the diet, the activity of cellulolytic enzymes increased in all three fraction of the rumen contents. The activity of enzymes in particulate material fraction was the highest in all treatments and the extracellular fractions where lowest (P<0. 05).

Six nitrogen-fixing bacteria which were isolated from root of cultivated rice and wheat and also one strain from a kind of biofertilizer, identified asAzospirillum with PCR amplification of 16S rDNA gene. Among theAzospirillum isolates from rice and wheat roots, one isolate from wheat (Golestan cultivar) and another from rice (Tarom cultivar) were selected for comparison of their cell wall degrading enzymes activities, because of more enzyme activity in cellulose, CMC (Carboxymethylcellulose), salicin, pectin, NBRIP and phytin media. Azospirillum strain was isolated from rice had CMCase and phytase activities significantly more than one isolated from wheat, 31.77% and 46.99% respectively, but the FPase activity of both strains were nearly similar. The reason for Tarom colonization by the strain with higher activity of cellulase and phytase may be related to more celluletic cell wall and phytin content of this cultivar in comparison with Golestan.

Cellulolytic complex are enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cellulose. Due to rapid growth in population and industrialization, most countries are required to produce more fuel. Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is very challenging due to environmental pollution by fossil fuels. Cellulases play a significant role in biotechnological processes. The cost of production of cellulase is very high. Approximately 50% of the cost of producing bioethanol is used to produce cellulose. Gibberellin regulates the growth of fungi and plants. Cellulase production was significantly improved by gibberellins hormone. The cellulase activity was 4. 29 FPU/ml (when we used 50 μ mol/ml of gibberellins in culture medium). This was 12-fold higher (0. 34 FPU/ml in control solution) compare with untreated hormone and was comparable to that achieved with concentrated by n-butanol. In this experiment, the enzyme activity was increased 223-fold higher compare with control solution.

As the consumption of OCC pulp is increasing globally, practical studies are needed to reduce energy consumption and improve the quality of this pulp using enzymatic treatments. In this study, the effect of refining on cellulase enzyme performance on OCC pulp properties was investigated. OCC pulp with 4% consistency, 50 ° C constant temperature, 1 hour duration and 4-5. 5: pH with cellulase enzyme at three levels of 0. 1, 0. 3, 0. 5 percentages (based on dry weight of pulp) were pretreated. Pulp freeness and hand sheet strength properties were measured according to TAPPI standard codes. The results showed that the enzymatic treatment of cellulase increased pulp freeness and improved paper strength properties and this effect was more in unrefined OCC pulps than refined OCC pulps. Overall, enzymatic cellulase treatment can reduce pulp refining and reduce energy consumption and improve OCC pulp quality.